Vessels and ballast water
David, M. (2015). Vessels and ballast water, in: David, M. et al. Global maritime transport and ballast water management: Issues and solutions. Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology, : pp. 13-34. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9367-4_2
In: David, M.; Gollasch, S. (Ed.) (2015). Global maritime transport and ballast water management: Issues and solutions. Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology, 8. Springer: Dordrecht. ISBN 978-94-017-9366-7. XV, 306 pp. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9367-4, more
In: Drake, J.A. (Ed.) Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology. Springer Science+Business Media. ISSN 1874-7809, more
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| Keyword |
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| Author keywords |
Ballast water • Vessels design • Ballast water system • Ballast water tank design • Ballasting and deballasting processes • Ballast water safety and legislative aspects • Ballast water discharge assessment |
| Abstract |
Commercial vessels are built for the transport of various cargoes or passengers. When a vessel is not fully laden, additional weight is required to provide for the vessel’s seaworthiness, e.g. to compensate for the increased buoyancy which can result in the lack of propeller immersion, inadequate transversal and longitudinal inclination, and other stresses on the vessel’s hull. The material used for adding weight to the vessel is referred to as ballast. Historically, ballast material was solid, but after the introduction of iron as basic vessel building material in the middle of the nineteenth century, loading of water (i.e., ballast water) in cargo holds or tanks had shown to be easier and more efficient. Even when a vessel is fully laden it can require ballast water operations due to a non-equal distribution of weights on the vessel, weather and sea conditions, an approach to shallow waters, and the consumption of fuel during the voyage. As a result of these factors, vessels fundamentally rely on ballast water for safe operations as a function of their design and construction. This chapter describes vessel’s ballast water systems, ballast tank designs, ballasting and deballasting processes as well as safety and legislative aspects of ballast water operations. In addition a detailed ballast water discharge assessment model is provided. Using concepts of this model an estimation of global ballast water discharges from vessels engaged in the international seaborne trade was estimated as 3.1 billion tonnes in 2013. |
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