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Prof. Dr Hawkins, Stephen

Institutes (2)
Previous institute
Publications (67)
Projects (6)

University of Southampton; Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, more

Function: Executive Dean
Direct contact at institute:
E-mail:

Bangor University; School of Ocean Sciences, more

Direct contact at institute:
Tel.: +44-(0)1248-38 26 03
GSM: +44-(0)77758-018 53
E-mail:

Marine Biological Association of the UK (MBA), more

Causes and consequences of changing marine biodiversity a fish and fisheries perspective, more
Effects of biodiversity on the functioning and stability of marine ecosystems: European scale comparisons, more
Innovative coastal technologies for safer European coasts in a changing climate, more
Large scale and long term Networking on the observation of Global Change and its impact on Marine Biodiversity, more
Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning - EU Network of Excellence, more
Marine Propagation Along the Coasts of Europe, more

A1 Publications (41) [show]
Hawkins, S.J.; Russell, B.D.; Todd, P.A. (Ed.) (2023). Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 61. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 61. CRC Press: Boca Raton. ISBN 9781032426969. 376 pp. https://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003363873, more Hawkins, S.J.; Lemasson, A.J.; Allcock, A.L.; Bates, A.E.; Byrne, M.; Evans, A.J.; Firth, L.B.; Marzinelli, E.M.; Russell, B.D.; Sharples, J.; Smith, I.P.; Swearer, S.E.; Todd, P.A.; Lucas, C.; Mumby, P.J. (Ed.) (2022). Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 60. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 60. CRC Press: Boca Raton. e-ISBN 9781003288602. 698 pp. https://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003288602, more Hawkins, S.J.; Evans, A.J.; Dale, A.C.; Firth, L.B.; Hughes, D.J.; Smith, I.P. (2021). Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 59. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 59. CRC Press: Boca Raton. ISBN 9780367685225. 496 pp., more Hawkins, S.J.; Evans, A.J.; Dale, A.C.; Firth, L.B.; Hughes, D.J.; Smith, I.P. (2020). Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 58. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 58. CRC Press: Boca Raton. ISBN 9780367367947. 584 pp., more Hawkins, S.J.; Evans, A.J.; Dale, A.C.; Firth, L.B.; Hughes, D.J.; Smith, I.P. (2019). Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 57. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 57. CRC Press: Boca Raton. ISBN 978-0-367-13415-0. 434 pp., more Hawkins, S.J.; Evans, A.J.; Dale, A.C.; Firth, L.B.; Hughes, D.J.; Smith, I.P. (2018). Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 56. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 56. CRC Press: Boca Raton. ISBN 978-1-138-31862-5. 509 pp., more Hawkins, S.J.; Evans, A.J.; Dale, A.C.; Firth, L.B.; Hughes, D.J.; Smith, I.P. (2017). Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 55. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 55. CRC Press: Boca Raton. ISBN 978-1-138-19786-2. 487 pp., more Bouma, T.J.; van Belzen, J.; Balke, T.; Zhu, Z.; Airoldi, L.; Blight, A.J.; Davies, A.J.; Galván, C.; Hawkins, S.J.; Hoggart, S.P.G.; Lara, J.L.; Losada, I.J.; Maza, M.; Ondiviela, B.; Skov, M.W.; Strain, E.M.; Thompson, R.C.; Yang, S.L.; Zanuttigh, B.; Zhang, L.; Herman, P.M.J. (2014). Identifying knowledge gaps hampering application of intertidal habitats in coastal protection: Opportunities & steps to take. Coast. Eng. 87: 147-157. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2013.11.014, more Philippart, C.J.M.; Anadón, R.; Danovaro, R.; Dippner, J.W.; Drinkwater, K.F.; Hawkins, S.J.; Oguz, T.; O'Sullivan, G.; Reid, P.C. (2011). Impacts of climate change on European marine ecosystems: Observations, expectations and indicators. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 400(1-2): 52-69. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2011.02.023, more Spencer, M.; Birchenough, S.N.R.; Mieszkowska, N.; Robinson, L.A.; Simpson, S.D.; Burrows, M.T.; Capasso, E.; Cleall-Harding, P.; Crummy, J.; Duck, C.; Eloire, D.; Frost, M.; Hall, A.J.; Hawkins, S.J.; Johns, D.G.; Sims, D.W.; Smyth, T.J.; Frid, C.L.J. (2011). Temporal change in UK marine communities: trends or regime shifts? Mar. Ecol. (Berl.) 32(s1): 10-24. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00422.x, more Airoldi, L.; Hawkins, S.J. (2007). Negative effects of sediment deposition on grazing activity and survival of the limpet Patella vulgata. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 332: 235-240. https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps332235, more Herbert, R.J.H.; Southward, A.J.; Sheader, M.; Hawkins, S.J. (2007). Influence of recruitment and temperature on distribution of intertidal barnacles in the English Channel. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 87(2): 487-499. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315407052745, more Mieszkowska, N.; Hawkins, S.J.; Burrows, M.T.; Kendall, M.A. (2007). Long-term changes in the geographic distribution and population structures of Osilinus lineatus (Gastropoda: Trochidae) in Britain and Ireland. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 87(2): 537-545. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315407053799, more Arenas, F.; Sánchez, I.; Hawkins, S.; Jenkins, S.R. (2006). The invasibility of marine algal assemblages: role of functional diversity and identity. Ecology 87(11): 2851-2861, more Le Quesne, W.J.F.; Hawkins, S.J. (2006). Direct observations of protandrous sex change in the patellid limpet Patella vulgata. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 86(1): 161-162. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315406012975, more Coombs, S.H.; Halliday, N.C.; Southward, A.J.; Hawkins, S.J. (2005). Distribution and abundance of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) eggs in the English Channel from Continuous Plankton Recorder sampling, 1958-1980. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 85(5): 1243-1247. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315405012385, more Martin, D.; Bertasi, F.; Colangelo, M.A.; de Vries, M.; Frost, M.; Hawkins, S.J.; Macpherson, E.; Moschella, P.S.; Satta, M.P.; Thompson, R.C.; Ceccherelli, V.U. (2005). Ecological impact of coastal defence structures on sediment and mobile fauna: evaluating and forecasting consequences of unavoidable modifications of native habitats. Coast. Eng. 52(10-11): 1027-1051. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2005.09.006, more Daka, E.R.; Hawkins, S.J. (2004). Tolerance to heavy metals in Littorina saxatilis from a metal contaminated estuary in the Isle of Man. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 84(2): 393-400. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315404009336h, more Jenkins, S.R.; Norton, T.A.; Hawkins, S.J. (2004). Long term effects of Ascophyllum nodosum canopy removal on mid shore community structure. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 84(2): 327-329. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315404009221h, more Santini, G.; Thompson, R.C.; Tendi, C.; Hawkins, S.J.; Hartnoll, R.G.; Chelazzi, G. (2004). Intra-specific variability in the temporal organisation of foraging activity in the limpet Patella vulgata. Mar. Biol. (Berl.) 144(6): 1165-1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1283-5, more Silva, A.; Boaventura, D.; Flores, A.A.V.; Ré, P.; Hawkins, S.J. (2004). Rare predation by the intertidal crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus on the limpet Patella depressa. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 84(2): 367-370. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315404009294h, more Herbert, R.J.H.; Hawkins, S.J.; Sheader, M.; Southward, A.J. (2003). Range extension and reproduction of the barnacle Balanus perforatus in the eastern English Channel. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 83(1): 73-82. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315403006829h, more Jenkins, S.R.; Hawkins, S.J. (2003). Barnacle larval supply to sheltered rocky shores: a limiting factor? Hydrobiologia 503: 143-151. https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000008496.68710.22, more Ross, P.M.; Burrows, M.T.; Hawkins, S.J.; Southward, A.J.; Ryan, K.P. (2003). A key for the identification of the nauplii of common barnacles of the British Isles, with emphasis on Chthamalus. J. Crust. Biol. 23(2): 328-340. https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20021975-99990343, more Bulleri, F.; Benedetti-Cecchi, L.; Acunto, S.; Cinelli, F.; Hawkins, S.J. (2002). The influence of canopy algae on vertical patterns of distribution of low-shore assemblages on rocky coasts in the north-west Mediterranean. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 267: 89-106, more Thompson, R.C.; Crowe, T.P.; Hawkins, S.J. (2002). Effects of long-term environmental change on rocky intertidal communities. Invited review. Environ. Conserv. 29: 168-191, more Thompson, R.C.; Crowe, T.P.; Hawkins, S.J. (2002). Rocky intertidal communities: past environmental changes, present status and predictions for the next 25 years. Environ. Conserv. 29(2): 168-191, more Weber, L.I.; Hawkins, S.J. (2002). Evolution of the limpet Patella candei d'Orbigny (Mollusca, Patellidae) in Atlantic archipelagos: human intervention and natural processes. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 77(3): 341-353. https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00102.x, more Veale, L.O.; Hill, A.S.; Hawkins, S.J.; Brand, A.R. (2001). Distribution and damage to the by-catch assemblages of the northern Irish Sea scallop dredge fisheries. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 81: 85-96, more Coleman, R.A.; Hawkins, S.J. (2000). Limpet relocation from home-scars in relation to position in group. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 80(6): 1133-1134, more Hawkins, S.J.; Corte-Real, H.B.S.M.; Pannacciulli, F.G.; Weber, L.C.; Bishop, J.D.D. (2000). Thoughts on the ecology and evolution of the intertidal biota of the Azores and other Atlantic islands. Hydrobiologia 440(1-3): 3-17. https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004118220083, more Thompson, R.C.; Roberts, M.F.; Norton, T.A.; Hawkins, S.J. (2000). Feast or famine for intertidal grazing molluscs: a mis-match between seasonal variations in grazing intensity and the abundance of microbial resources. Hydrobiologia 440(1-3): 357-367. https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004116505004, more Davies, M.S.; Hawkins, S.J. (1998). Mucus from marine molluscs, in: Blaxter, J.H.S. et al. Adv. Mar. Biol. 34. Advances in Marine Biology, 34: pp. 1-71, more Thompson, R.C.; Norton, T.A.; Hawkins, S.J. (1998). The influence of epilithic microbial films on the settlement of Semibalanus balanoides cyprids - a comparison between laboratory and field experiments. Hydrobiologia 375: 203-216. https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017036301082, more Weber, L.I.; Thorpe, J.P.; Santos, R.S.; Hawkins, S.J. (1998). Identification of stocks of the exploited limpets Patella aspera and P. candei at Madeira archipelago by allozyme electrophoresis. J. Shellfish Res. 17(4): 945-953, more Santos, R.S.; Hawkins, S.J.; Nash, R.D.M. (1996). Reproductive phenology of the Azorean rock-pool blenny, a fish with alternative mating tactics. J. Fish Biol. 48(5): 842-858, more Santos, R.S.; Hawkins, S.J.; Monteiro, L.R.; Alves, M.; Isidro, E. (1995). Marine research, resources and conservation in the Azores. Aquat. Conserv. 5(4): 311-354, more Santos, R.S.; Nash, R.D.M.; Hawkins, S.J. (1995). Age, growth and sex ratio of the Azorean rock-pool blenny, Parablennius sanguinolentus parvicornis. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 75(3): 751-754. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400039175, more Southward, A.J.; Hawkins, S.J.; Burrows, M.T. (1995). Seventy years' observations of changes in distribution and abundance of zooplankton and intertidal organisms in the western English Channel in relation to rising sea temperature. J. Therm. Biol. 20: 127-155. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4565(94)00043-I, more Spenc, S.; Hawkins, S.J.; Santos, R.S. (1990). Thais haemastoma: an exhibitor of "imposex" and potential biological indicator of Tributyltin. Mar. Ecol. (Berl.) 11(2): 147-156. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.1990.tb00235.x, more Hawkins, S.J.; Hartnoll, R.G. (1983). Grazing of intertidal algae by marine invertebrates, in: Barnes, M. (Ed.) Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 21. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 21: pp. 195-282, more
Peer reviewed publications (7) [show]
Mieszkowska, N.; Leaper, R.; Moore, P.; Kendall, M.A.; Burrows, M.T.; Lear, D.; Poloczanska, E.S.; Hiscock, K.; Moschella, P.S.; Thompson, R.C.; Herbert, R.J.H.; Laffoley, D.; Baxter, J.; Southward, A.J.; Hawkins, S.J. (2005). Marine biodiversity and climate change: assessing and predicting the influence of climatic change using intertidal rocky shore biota. Occasional Publication. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 20. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom: Plymouth. 55 pp., more Xuemei, Z.; Hawkins, S.J. (2002). Interactions of aquaculture and waste disposal in the coastal zone. J. Ocean Univ. Qingdao/Qingdao Haiyang Daxue Xuebao 1(1): 8-12, more Crowe, T.P.; Thompson, R.C.; Bray, S.; Hawkins, S.J. (2000). Impacts of anthropogenic stress on rocky intertidal communities. J. Aquat. Ecosyst. Stress Recovery 7: 273-297, more Herbert, R.J.H.; Bray, S.; Hawkins, S.J. (2000). Use of the dog-whelk, Nucella lapillus, as a bio-indicator of tributyltin (TBT) contamination in the Solent and around the Isle of Wight, in: Collins, M. et al. (Ed.) Solent science: a review. Proceedings in Marine Science, 1: pp. 307-310, more Nash, R.D.M.; Santos, R.S.; Hawkins, S.J. (1994). Diel fluctuations of a sandy beach fish assemblage at Porto Pim, Azores. Arquipélago (Ciénc. Biol. Mar./Life Mar. Sci.) 12A: 75-86, more Santos, R.S.; Nash, R.D.M.; Hawkins, S.J. (1994). Fish assemblages on intertidal shores of the island of Faial, Azores. Arquipélago (Ciénc. Biol. Mar./Life Mar. Sci.) 12A: 87-100, more Hartnoll, R.G.; Hawkins, S.J. (1980). Monitoring rocky-shore communities: a critical look at spatial and temporal variation. Helgol. Meeresunters. 33(1-4): 484-494. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02414773, more
Books (3) [show]
Fortier, L.; Hawkins, S.; Kleypas, J.; Lima, M.; Ottersen, G.; Pörtner, H.O.; Shirayama, Y.; Stenseth, N.Ch. (Ed.) (2008). Effects of climate change on marine ecosystems: Selected papers from Inter-Research Symposium No. 2, held in conjunction with the 42nd European Marine Biology Symposium (EMBS), August 27-31, 2007, Kiel, Germany. European Marine Biology Symposia, 42. Climate Research, 37(2-3). 121-270 pp., more Young, J.; Sousa Pinto, I.; Hawkins, S.; Serrão Santos, R.; Watt, A.D. (Ed.) (2007). Life on the Blue Planet: Biodiversity research and the new European marine policies. Report of the Electronic Conference 1-19 October 2007, Portugal. European Platform for Biodiversity Research Strategy (EPBRS): [s.l.]. 140 pp., more Hawkins, S.J.; Jones, H.D. (1992). Marine field course guide: 1. Rocky shores. IMMEL Publishing: London. ISBN 0-907151-58-2. 144 pp., more
Book chapters (13) [show]
Hoggart, S.; Hawkins, S.J.; Bohn, K.; Airoldi, L.; van Belzen, J.; Bichot, A.; Bilton, D.T.; Bouma, T.J.; Colangelo, M.A.; Davies, A.J.; Ferrario, F.; Firth, L.; Galvan, C.; Hanley, M.; Heurtefeux, H.; Lara, J.L.; Rodriquez, I.L.; Maza, M.; Ondiviela-Eizaguirre, B.; Rundle, S.D.; Skov, M.W.; Strain, E.M.; White, A.; Zhang, L.; Zhu, Z.; Thompson, R.C. (2014). Ecological Approaches to Coastal Risk Mitigation, in: Zanuttigh, B. et al. Coastal Risk Management in a Changing Climate. pp. 171-236. dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-397310-8.00004-X, more Langston, W.J.; Chesman, B.S.; Burt, G.R.; Taylor, M.; Covey, R.; Cunningham, N.; Jonas, P.; Hawkins, S.J. (2006). Characterisation of the European Marine Sites in South West England: the Fal and Helford candidate Special Area of Conservation (cSAC), in: Queiroga, H. et al. (Ed.) Marine biodiversity: patterns and processes, assessment, threats, management and conservation: Proceedings of the 38th European Marine Biology Symposium, held in Aveiro, Portugal, 8-12 September 2003. Developments in Hydrobiology, 183: pp. 321-333. dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-1128-y, more Mieszkowska, N.; Kendall, M.A.; Hawkins, S.J.; Leaper, R.; Williamson, P.; Hardman-Mountford, N.J.; Southward, A.J. (2006). Changes in the range of some common rocky shore species in Britain: a response to climate change?, in: Queiroga, H. et al. (Ed.) Marine biodiversity: patterns and processes, assessment, threats, management and conservation: Proceedings of the 38th European Marine Biology Symposium, held in Aveiro, Portugal, 8-12 September 2003. Developments in Hydrobiology, 183: pp. 241-251. dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-1120-6, more Crowe, T.P.; Frost, N.T.; Hawkins, S.J. (2003). Loss of biodiversity: interactive effects of mussels and limpets in intertidal communities, in: Heip, C.H.R. et al. Biodiversity of coastal marine ecosystems pattern and process: a Euroconference, Corinth, Greece 05-10 May 2001. pp. 36, more Hawkins, S.; Hiscock, K. (2003). Welcome and introduction, in: Hiscock, K. et al. (Ed.) Electronic conference on ‘Genetic biodiversity in marine ecosystems: measurement, understanding and management’: summary of discussions, 6 to 17 October, 2003. MARBENA Proceedings, 5: pp. 9, more Jenkins, S.R.; Hawkins, S.J. (2003). Barnacle larval supply to sheltered rocky shores: a limiting factor?, in: Jones, M.B. et al. Migrations and dispersal of marine organisms: Proceedings of the 37th European Marine Biology Symposium held in Reykjavik, Iceland, 5-9 August 2002. Developments in Hydrobiology, 174: pp. 143-151. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2276-6_16, more Hawkins, S.J.; Corte-Real, H.B.S.M.; Pannacciulli, F.G.; Weber, L.C.; Bishop, J.D.D. (2000). Thoughts on the ecology and evolution of the intertidal biota of the Azores and other Atlantic islands, in: Jones, M.B. et al. Island, Ocean and Deep-Sea Biology: Proceedings of the 34th European Marine Biology Symposium, held in Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal, 13-17 September 1999. Developments in Hydrobiology, 152: pp. 3-17. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1982-7_1, more Thompson, R.C.; Roberts, M.F.; Norton, T.A.; Hawkins, S.J. (2000). Feast or famine for intertidal grazing molluscs: a mis-match between seasonal variations in grazing intensity and the abundance of microbial resources, in: Jones, M.B. et al. Island, Ocean and Deep-Sea Biology: Proceedings of the 34th European Marine Biology Symposium, held in Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal, 13-17 September 1999. Developments in Hydrobiology, 152: pp. 357-367. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1982-7_33, more Thompson, R.C.; Norton, T.A.; Hawkins, S.J. (1998). The influence of epilithic microbial films on the settlement of Semibalanus balanoides cyprids - a comparison between laboratory and field experiments, in: Baden, S. et al. Recruitment, colonization, and physical-chemical forcing in marine biological systems: Proceedings of the 32nd European Marine Biology Symposium, held in Lysekil, Sweden, 16-22 August 1997. Developments in Hydrobiology, 132: pp. 203-216. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2864-5_17, more Hill, A.S.; Brand, A.R.; Wilson, U.A.W.; Veale, L.O.; Hawkins, S.J. (1996). Estimation of by-catch composition and the numbers of by-catch animals killed annually on Manx scallop fishing grounds, in: Greenstreet, S.P.R. et al. (Ed.) Aquatic predators and their prey. pp. 111-115, more Wilkinson, S.B.; Zheng, W.; Allen, J.R.; Fielding, N.J.; Wanstall, V.C.; Russell, G.; Hawkins, S.J. (1996). Water quality improvements in Liverpool docks: the role of filter feeders in algal and nutrient dynamics, in: Dworschak, P.C. et al. Influences of Organisms on their Environment, the Role of Episodic Events: Proceedings of the 29th European Marine Biology Symposium Vienna, 29 August-2 September 1994. Marine Ecology (Berlin), 17(1-3): pp. 197-211, more Hawkins, S.J.; Southward, A.J.; Barrett, R.L. (1983). Population structure of Patella vulgata L. during succession on rocky shores in Southwest England, in: Cabioch, L. et al. (Ed.) Fluctuation and Succession in Marine Ecosystems: Proceedings of the 17th European Symposium on Marine Biology, Brest, France, 27 September-1 October 1982. Oceanologica Acta, Spec. vol.(1983): pp. 103-107, more Hawkins, S.J. (1981). The influence of Patella grazing on the fucoid/barnacie mosaic on moderately exposed rocky shores, in: Rheinheimer, G. et al. (Ed.) Lower Organisms and their Role in the Food Web: Proceedings of the 15th European Marine Biology Symposium, Kiel, Damp 2000, Federal Republic of Germany (September 29-October 3, 1980). Kieler Meeresforschungen. Sonderheft, 5: pp. 537-543, more
Abstract [show]
Philippart, K.; Anadón, A.; Danovaro, R.; Dippner, J.; Drinkwater, K.; Hawkins, S.; Oguz, T.; Reid, C. (2007). Signals and scenarios of climate change in European seas, in: Mees, J. et al. (Ed.) VLIZ Young Scientists' Day, Brugge, Belgium 2 March 2007: book of abstracts. VLIZ Special Publication, 39: pp. 16, more
Other publications (2) [show]
Hawkins, S.J.; Mieszkowska, N.; Leaper, R.; Frost, M.T.; Moore, P.; Kendall, M.A. (2005). Climate change: a role for network observations by European Marine Stations. MARS Newsletter 7: 4-5, more Martins, H.R.; Santos, R.S.; Hawkins, S.J.; Nash, R.D.M. (1992). Expedition Azores 1989: ecology and taxonomy of the fauna and flora of the marine littoral: an introduction. Arquipélago (Life Ear. Sci.) 10: 39-43, more

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