Ciravegna, E.; van Hoof, L.; Frier, C.; Maes, F.; Rasmussen, H.B.; Soete, A.; van den Burg, S.W.K. (2024). The hidden costs of multi-use at sea. Mar. Policy 161: 106017. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106017
As ocean space increasingly is used for production purposes, such as for the production of food and feed, renewable energy and resource mining, competition for space becomes a concern. A spatial solution to this is to co -locate activities in a multi -use setting. Next to the direct (financial) costs and benefits of multi -use and the societal cost and benefits, there are other factors, in the realm of legal aspects, insurance, health and safety issues and the overall governance of multi -use, that determine whether multi -use can be implemented successfully. This includes transaction costs that arise when for example non -adequate regulation, governance and insurance schemes are in place. Based on the analysis of five case studies across Europe these combined/collective transaction costs of multi -use are analysed and suggestions how to reduce and/or overcome these transaction costs are presented.
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