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WoRMS taxon details
original description
Balech, E. (1994). Three new species of the genus Alexandrium (Dinoflagellata). <em>Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc.</em> 113: 216-220. [details] Available for editors  [request]
basis of record
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source
Penna, A., Fraga, S., Maso, M., Giacobbe, M. G., Bravo, I., Garces, E., Vila, M., Bertozzini, E., Andreoni, F., Luglie, A. & Vernesi, C. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships among the Mediterranean <i>Alexandrium</i> (Dinophyceae) species based on sequences of 5.8S gene and Internal Transcript Spacers of the rRNA operon. European Journal of Phycology 43:163-78. [details] Available for editors [request]
toxicology source
Tillmann, U.; Krock, B.; Wietkamp, S.; Beran, A. (2020). A Mediterranean <i>Alexandrium taylorii</i> (Dinophyceae) strain produces goniodomin A and lytic compounds but not Paralytic Shellfish Toxins. <em>Toxins.</em> 12(9): 564., available online at https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12090564 [details]
From editor or global species database
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:91386 [details]From regional or thematic species database
Description Cells are medium-sized and rather pyriform. The epitheca is usually a little shorter than the hypotheca, somewhat flattened ventrally and sometimes slightly depressed at the apex. The sides are slightly concave above the cingulum. The hypotheca is more or less trapezoidal. In some specimens, it is rather long. The antapical region is flattened or siightiy concave and sloped upward to the right slightly. The cingulum is well excavated. It does not have lists but it does have reinforced margins. It is descending (1) and has a curtain fin that extends between the anterior and posterior margins of the cingulum. The sulcus is narrow and not very excavated. The PO is rather large, oval or triangular, and more or less straight on the dorsal side. It has a well-delineated comma that almost reaches the dorsal margin. The callus is usually thin. The marginal pores are small and hardly noticeable. The 1' is short and pentagonal, although the posterior margin is subdivided into a straight horizontal left portion and a cuwed right portion that houses the anterior part of the S.a. The greatest width occurs between the posterior ends of the two straight anterior margins. They are oblique and uneven because the left margin is very short. This plate does not have a ventral pore. Rarely, a small notch can be seen near the anterior vertex. However, the ventral pore exists and is rather large. it is almost exclusively excavated in plate 4' and is located in the confluence point of the 1', 2' and 4' plates. The 4' is rather wide, but its posterior margin towards 6"" is short. Occasionally, it has not one, but two ventral pores. The 2' and 3' are typical of the genus. The 3' is almost symmetrical in the majority of the specimens. The 1' usually contributes to the formation of the ventral pore, but not as much as 4' does. The 6"" plate is quite a bit longer than wide. Its posterior left margin, which borders with the S.a., is reinforced and is almost straight or smoothly curved. The 1""' has a narrow membranous prolongation of its right margin. A strong vertical crest is found close to this margin. The 5""' also has a narrow sulcal list that is supported by its left margin. The antapical plates are relatively large. The 1"""" is transversely extended with a long margin bordering the 2"""". The 2"""" is pentagonal and slightly asymmetrical. In the sulcus, the S.a. has a right portion that penetrates into the epitheca. The left portion of the anterior margin is wider. The posterior sinus is deep. The S.p. is long, relatively narrow, and very oblique to the right. It has a V-shaped anterior notch that markedly slopes to the right. This plate has two left margins: the shorter anterior one that articulates with l"""", and the posterior one that articulates with 2"""". Most S.p, plates have an oblique groove that extends from the right margin to the center at least. This groove is usually oblique, is sometimes curved, and, on some occasions, continues toward the left margin. Frequently, it ends in a pore; sometimes, it is essentiaily formed by a succession of differently sized pores. The two posterior lateral plates are very distinctive. The S.d.p. is long and narrow, especially posteriorly. The S.s.p. is shorter with a reinforced right margin that is longer than the rest. The reinforcement is projected anteriorly like a small spine. The short anterior margin supports a relatively Iarge S.m.p. Likewise, the S.m.a. is large. It is oblique, is more extended transversely, and closes the posterior sinus of the S.a. The S.s.a., which in this species looks more postcingular than sulcal, is large and pentagonal. It is almost uniform in width and has fully reinforced internal margins. Its anterior-right corner is truncated and supports the S.m.a. The S.d.a. does not have special characteristics, but its oblique anterior-internal margin supports an S.ac.a. of exceptional size. The much smaller S.ac.p. is located near the posterior-left corner of the S.d.a. The who [details]
Harmful effect According to Emura et al. (2004) a strain of A. taylori from Okinawa (Japan) produced a haemolytic substance with cytotoxicity (on ‘HeLa’ cells) and toxic activity (on Artemia salina). According to Tillmann et al. (2020) the mediterranean strain AY7T is able to produces goniodomin A (GDA) and lytic compounds but no PSTs. Considered by Anderson et al. (2012) as capable of producing non-proteinaceous exotoxin. [details]
Identification Undoubtedly, this species is very closely related to A. pseudogoniaulax Biecheler, with which it was confused before both were studied in detail. One of the characteristics that place A. taylori in Alexandrium rather than in Goniodoma is its thin theca that does not have strong areolation or conspicuous lists. Another is the fact that 1' touches 2', whereas in Goniodoma, the 1", which is the equivalent of 1' in Alexandrium, is disconnected from the left apical plate. Alexandrium taylori differs from A. pseudogoniaulax in both shape and size. Alexandrium pseudogoniaulax is larger, and its epitheca is more flattened. Furthermore, A.pseudogoniaulax has a 1' that has a much narrower posterior margin and an anterior margin that is interrupted by the large notch of the ventral pore. It also has a more oval PO. On the PO, the comma ends far from the dorsal margin, and marginal pores are very visible. The two antapical plates are very different, and all the sulcal plates differ rather clearly. I especially emphasize that A. pseudogoniaulax has the strong anterior-left hook of the S.p. plate, a large S.ac.p., a very distinctively shaped S.m.p., an S.m.a, that is not transversely elongated, and the clearly different S.d.p, and S.a., which is longer and narrower. [details]
Type locality Arcachon, Gulf of Biscay (France) [details]
Verified sequences Strain VGO704 (Penna et al. 2008):
ITS/5.8S/ITS2 rDNA AM236856 [details]
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